Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family transporters are a category of bacterial efflux pumps, especially identified in Gram-negative bacteria and located in the cytoplasmic membrane, that actively transport substrates. The RND superfamily includes seven families: the heavy metal efflux (HME), the hydrophobe/amphiphile efflux-1, the nodulation factor exporter family (NFE), the SecDF protein-secretion accessory protein family, the hydrophobe/amphiphile efflux-2 family, the eukaryotic sterol homeostasis family, and the hydrophobe/amphiphile efflux-3 family. These RND systems are involved in maintaining homeostasis of the cell, removal of toxic compounds, and export of virulence determinants. They have a broad substrate spectrum and can lead to the diminished activity of unrelated drug classes if over-expressed. The first reports of drug resistant bacterial infections were reported in the 1940s after the first mass production of antibiotics. Most of the RND superfamily transport systems are made of large polypeptide chains. RND proteins exist primarily in gram-negative bacteria but can also be found in gram-positive bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
"}{"fact":"The strongest climber among the big cats, a leopard can carry prey twice its weight up a tree.","length":94}
{"slip": { "id": 197, "advice": "Look people in the eye."}}
{"slip": { "id": 126, "advice": "Taking photos with tablet devices looks weird."}}
{"type":"standard","title":"Cariús River","displaytitle":"Cariús River","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q5039737","titles":{"canonical":"Cariús_River","normalized":"Cariús River","display":"Cariús River"},"pageid":23503855,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rio_Cari%C3%BAs_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/330px-Rio_Cari%C3%BAs_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg","width":320,"height":240},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Rio_Cari%C3%BAs_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg","width":2048,"height":1536},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1139908226","tid":"3db03536-aec8-11ed-97cb-0ad25ff2f2af","timestamp":"2023-02-17T13:37:37Z","description":"River in Brazil","description_source":"local","coordinates":{"lat":-6.548,"lon":-39.4929},"content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%BAs_River","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%BAs_River?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%BAs_River?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Cari%C3%BAs_River"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%BAs_River","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Cari%C3%BAs_River","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%BAs_River?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Cari%C3%BAs_River"}},"extract":"The Cariús River is a river of Ceará state in eastern Brazil.","extract_html":"
The Cariús River is a river of Ceará state in eastern Brazil.
"}{"fact":"Cats have 32 muscles that control the outer ear (humans have only 6). A cat can independently rotate its ears 180 degrees.","length":122}
{"fact":"A cat uses its whiskers for measuring distances. The whiskers of a cat are capable of registering very small changes in air pressure.","length":134}
{"type":"standard","title":"Graphopsocus","displaytitle":"Graphopsocus","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q4039675","titles":{"canonical":"Graphopsocus","normalized":"Graphopsocus","display":"Graphopsocus"},"pageid":66876056,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Graphopsocus_cruciatus_02.jpg/330px-Graphopsocus_cruciatus_02.jpg","width":320,"height":186},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Graphopsocus_cruciatus_02.jpg","width":800,"height":464},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1180815519","tid":"1d4fb827-6e1b-11ee-8c45-514b1971b3d0","timestamp":"2023-10-19T01:02:03Z","description":"Genus of booklice","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphopsocus","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphopsocus?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphopsocus?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Graphopsocus"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphopsocus","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Graphopsocus","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphopsocus?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Graphopsocus"}},"extract":"Graphopsocus is a genus of insects belonging to the family Stenopsocidae.","extract_html":"
Graphopsocus is a genus of insects belonging to the family Stenopsocidae.
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